The Important Effexts of Food Colours on Appetite Essay Example for Free

The Important Effexts of Food Colours on Appetite Essay The relationship between food colour and appetite has been concerned by many scientists in recent years. This project considers the importance of food colour on appetite through analysing and evaluating the effects of different food colour on appetite and then other factors that contribute to appetite are explored. As last step, comparison is conducted to find the most important element on appetite. With regard to other factors, it is concluded that the food colour play an important role in affecting appetite. This may be of interest to consumers, especially the people who want to find effective method to control and manage appetite. Contents | |Page | |Abstract | | | | | |Introduction |1 | | | | |1. The Effects of Different Food Colours on Appetite |2 | | 1. 1 The effects of red and yellow on appetite |2 | | 1. 2 The effects blue on appetite |2 | | 1. 3 The effects of green on appetite |3 | | 1. 4 The effects of purple and black on appetite |3 | | 1. 5 Evaluation of effects of food colours on appetite |3 | | | | |2. The Effects of other Factors on Appetite |5 | | 2. 1 The effect flavour of food on appetite |5 | | 2. 1. 1 The effect of smell and taste on appetite |5 | | 2. 2 The effects of ambience on appetite |5 | | 2. 2. 1 The effect of light on appetite |6 | | 2. 2. 2 The effect of sound on appetite |6 | | 2. 2. 3 The effect of temperature on appetite |7 | | 2. 3 Summary |8 | | 2. 4 Evaluate and compare the food colour and other factors |8 | | | | |Conclusion |10 | | | | |List of references |11 | Introduction In recent years, consumers have generally paied attention to the appearance of food. Since one of the most fundamental elements of food could be the food colour, when people see food at first sight, the appearance of a dish may have positive and negative influence on people’s appetite (Hutchings 1994). Counsell (1981) and Petit (2006) summarise that colour plays a crucial role in the appearance of food from a psychophysical point of view. They remark that when different wavelengths of light come into eyes, due to the combination of eyes and brain through a series of mechanisms, colour will be produced and defined. The so-called appetite is a kind of physiological needs for eating. Nevertheless, a full stomach does not stand for that people do not have appetite and a desire to eat. The purpose of this project is to find the main element among colour, flavour and ambience which can influence appetite the most. Various food colours which can be seen in daily life will first be compared to describe the different negative and positive effects on appetite and evaluate the relationship of food colours on appetite. Then, other effective factors on appetite such as food flavour and eating ambience will be taken into consideration. Since the consumers do not know how different food colour, food flavour and environment could influence their behavior, it is felt that this examination will highlight this field and help consumers to move forward a single step to perceive the factors that can affect their appetite. 1. The Effects of Different Food Colours on Appetite Natnette and John (2004) summarise that â€Å"Colour can produce autonomic biological reaction, certain emotional responses, and direct attention† (P. 826). For the majority of consumers, food colour is a kind of standard for assessing food quality prior to purchasing and consuming it (Huthings1994). He also concludes that there are several usual food colours in our daily life such as red, green, orange, purple and yellow, but some colours are difficult to find ,such as blue and black. In this connection, the different food colours and their various effects of them on people appetite will be clarified and compared. 1. 1 The effects of red and yellow on appetite In a psychological study Birren(1969) finds that red is an energetic colour which gives people a strong feeling of emotion. When people see the red colour, they may experience the feeling of happiness or peace and would make them hungry. However, yellow can stimulate people’s brain activity and makes people feel excited? comfortable and warm. It seems that people’s appetite can be improved significantly by red and yellow (Singh, 2006). Boym (2001) points that if red and yellow appear on the table at the same time, people would be likely to eat more, because the combination of red with yellow can make people feel friendly and can remember this combination deeply. The fast food company McDonalds, as everyone knows, ingeniously applies both red and yellow in their decoration, food package and even food. That could be one of the reasons why people all around the world would like to go to MacDonald and they get attracted by the its chain of restaurants. As a result, this appears to be a wise choice that just by adding some red and yellow colour to the food recipe, even people with poor appetite be more likely to purchase food products. 1. 2 The effects blue on appetite Blue food which is rarely found in the nature(Hutchings, 1994) represent peace, quiet and calmness and that is considered to have a beneficial effect on peoples physical and mental ability (Singh, 2006). Hence, people’s appetite obtain weak suppression and according to psychological finding, it is shown that when people want to lose weight, putting blue items in the kitchen would play an important role in eliminating their appetite (Allew,1998). 3. The effects of green on appetite According to Pegler (1991), no matter which kind of the food is consumed, the majority of people may think that the food is healthy and safe as long as it is green. Green food probably signifies safety in these people’s subconscious and green represents bright, fresh and natural, which could help stabilize mood and ease the tension. Following from such a concept, people would like to accept most green things. 4. The effects of purple and black on appetite Johnson (2005) researches that people prefer to avoid purple and black food in their lives, when our ancestors searched food and found in purple and black that was a fatal alarm. These colours would have been considered toxic and rotten. The effects of the long-term sense may lead to the modern people behaviour on food. Hence, people probably do not have positive feeling towards on black and purple food. 1. 5 Evaluation of effects of food colours on appetite It is almost certain that different food colours indeed influence people’s appetite. Huthings (1994) analyzs that food colour also helps consumers judge the quality of food as well. It seems quite reasonable that while some foods are chosen easily and are always in the peoples everyday diet yet the others are not so popular and are often left on the supermarket shelf that is all a matter of food colour. Besides, because food manufacturers want to attract and induce more consumers, coloured food could be found anywhere such as sweets, beverages, ice-cream and others. Tyner (1997) points out that colour is the first characteristic we notice in food, so food colour has a major function in influencing people’s appetite. 2. The Effects of other Factors on Appetite 2. 1 The effect flavour of food on appetite The combination of smell and taste can be explained by scientists to describe the perception of food flavor (Petit, 2006). However, ISO5492 (1992) summarises that smell, taste and trigeminal sensations comprise the flavour together, while odor and taste play the dominate role in flavour. 2. 1. 1 The effect of smell and taste on appetite As everyone knows, an unpleasant odour can influence and suppress people’s appetite whatever environmental or food smell is, food intake and meal times would be decrease relatively. Nevertheless, the effects of smell on appetite are complicated. Petit (2006) concludes that â€Å"smell is the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by volatile chemicals†((P. 3). According to Natnette and John (2004), smell is directly and closely connected to appetite and food intake. Different smells can stimulate people’s expectation for food which includes the taste or the quality of food and even can be evoked by the previous memorial odor (e. g. , mother’s soup). Petit (2006) says â€Å"tastes are the sensations perceived by the taste receptors when stimulated by certain soluble substances† (P. 4). According to Schiffman and Graham (2000), taste can influence food choices and appetite. Due to internal preparation for digesting, people will have a desire to eat or purchase food when they smell it. In other words, taste induces people to have needs for food and provides motivation and the impulse for eating. Hence, it seems probable that the integration of smell with taste can significantly affect people’s appetite. 2. 2 The effects of ambience on appetite Eating ambience have a relatively wide meaning (ambience here refers to the atmosphere that food is served; it actually includes many external factors such as the light, sound and temperature of the environment (Natnette and John 2006). In the following part, the effects from different lights, sound and temperature on food intake and appetite will be discussed. 2. 2. 1 The effect of light on appetite According to the research of Wansink (1994), the food consumption of people can be affected by soft lighting, the dominant reason is that soft light can make people feel more comfortable. Consumers’ resistance to delicious food will be reduced and meal times will be extended. As a result, food intake of consumers relatively may increase. Wansink (1994) also say that bright and glaring light could decrease the time people spend at on eating location because people always have better self-discipline which could explain why fast-food restaurants prefer to use bright lights, in order to accelerate the speed of eating food. 2. 2. 2 The effect of sound on appetite Music can always be heard in restaurants, which is a kind of method used to stimulate appetite and consumption. Natnette and John (2006) conclude that music which is being played in the eating atmosphere not only plays function on covering unpleasant sound, but also makes consumers feel relaxed and changing consumers’ mood. It seems clearly that the quantity of food and fluid could be affected by the different types of music (Natnette and John 2004). According to the research done by McElrea and Standing (1992), since loud and fast music can raise listeners’ heart rate and blood pressure, the speed of drinking will be enhanced. It could be concluded that fast music could improve the quantity of food consumption and food intake, because the tempo of fast music can increase the frequency of chewing (Roballey, McGreevy and Rongo,1985). By contrast, soft and slow music could reduce the speed of eating and extend the time consumers spend in the eating place; however, a greater monetary value of food will be consumed in such surrounding. In other words, if people listen to slower music or the music that they love, thay will prefer to spend a longer time in the restaurant. Hence, they can easily drink and eat more than the consumers who are not in such environment. Different types of music have various connections with people’s appetite (Roballey, McGreevy and Rongo, 1985). 2. 2. 3 The effect of temperature on appetite The effects of temperature on appetite are often not understood by consumers. The temperature includes food temperature and ambient temperature. Due to influencing the speed of metabolism from the food temperature, the reaction of the stomach to hot and cold food and beverage is different (Natnette and John 2004). Hot food (e. g. , warm milk ) appears to reduce the capability of people’s metabolism. Another study (Bre? zinova 1972) show that processed and hot food could emerge more flavour which can raise the temperature of people’s body to restrain appetite and induce satiety. In general, consumers who live in different areas have various preferences on food temperature due to difference food behaviour, culture, experience and expectation. It could be summarised that regardless of the preference for food temperature, the food temperature can affect appetite and even food intake. McConnachie and Alexander (2004) also conduct a research and came to the conclusion that people’s appetite are hugely different within hot and cold surroundings; therefore, the type of food chosen by consumers and the amount of intake will likely be depend on many factors. For instance, in winter, people whose basic metabolic rate is faster than people who live in summer need more energy and caloric consumption to produce and keep warm (Natnette and John, 2004), whereas some scientists hold the doubtful opinion(Westerterp-Platenga 1999). For this reason, it is common perception that warm food should be selected more in cold weather while cold food and beverage should be chosen more in hot condition. From the discussion and comparison above, people, generally, have positive appetite and increase food intake in the presence of cool, air conditioned ambience. 2. 3 Summary The above views indicate that food flavour and ambience of eating location appears to influence people’s appetite, food choices and food intake according to the individual’s experience, background and the expectation of food. The combination of smell and taste composes primarily flavour and affects further customers’ desire for food, while light, sound, temperature of eating location also have effects on their appetite. It could be also true that soft and warm light and loud and fast music appear to increase consumers’ food intake and extend the time of consuming, while cold and air-conditioned surroundings could improve consumption and intense appetite, vice versa. 2. 4 Evaluate and compare the food colour and other factors After viewing the appearance of food, consumers would have the visual flavour including smell and taste. That could be to say that visual flavour appears before the real flavor when it comes into consumer’s nose and mouth. Besides, Hutchings (1994) and Petit (2006) research affirm that food colour could influence people’s perception and expectation of food flavour before smelling and tasting. It seems that visual and expected flavour will be associated when people see the appearance of food in the first sight according to their previous experience, which can influence consumers’ judgement for food quality and flavour and even affect their appetite. This phenomenon may explain why coloured food exists and that would be because coloured food not only can highlight the flavour of the product but also offset the lost colour from processing (Tyner, 1997). The effects of ambience also have the positive and negative effects on people’s appetite and food intake. However, the ambience such as light, sound, temperature is external elements out of food. It seems that the main choice of food appears not to depend on food itself. Gordon, Angela and Little summarise (1962) that â€Å"the first impression of a food is usually visual and a major part of our willingness to accept a food depends on its color† (P. ix). Hence, food colour appears to play an important role in influencing people’s appetite. Conclusion Food colour could influence mostly people’s appetite than other factors when they see the food in the first sight. This may happen by the different food colours and other factors including flavor and eating ambience on appetite. These can be summarised that different food colours such as yellow, red, orange and green could encourage people to have desire to eat; however, rare purple, blue and black in food seem to be unpopular among the majority of consumers. At the same time, other factors (flavour, ambience) also could affect food choices, food intake and appetite. In discussion progress, however, owing to the fact that colour could influence flavour and the factor of food colour should be paid more attention than ambience which is the less effective element on people’s appetite. The study of effects of food colour on appetite has been considered by many scientists. Counsell (1981), Hutchings (1994), Petit (2006) and Robyn (2010) indicant that colourful foods do stimulate effectively people’s appetite when consumers notice the food before consuming. It should be noted that a detailed examination of others factors such as food shape, social variables and time-related characteristics affecting appetite lies outside of the parameters of this paper and further work could be done in this area. This would be of particular interest to those involved in the identification of natural and artificial food colour and could help avoid the problems encountered by consumers who are cheated by some pusher. References Alley, R, L. (1998) ‘The influence of physical state and colour on perceived sweetness’. Psychology 132 (5), 561-568 Berrin, F. (1969) Principles of Colour: a Review of Past Traditions and Modern Theories of Colour Harmony. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Boym, C. (2001) ‘My McDonald’s’. Food and Culture 1(1), 6-8 Bre? zinova, V, O. (1972) ‘Sleep after a bedtime beverage’. Br Med J 2(1), 431 Counsell, J, N.(1981). Natural Colours for Food and Other Uses. England: Applied Science Publishers LTD Dalzell, J, M. (eds. ) (1997) Ingredients Handbook Food Colours. Surrey: Leatherhead Food RA Hutchings, J, B. (1994) Food Colour and Appearance. New York: Blackie Academic Professional Johnson, J. (2005) Psychology of Colour [online] available from [8 September 2012] ISO5492. (1992) â€Å"Glossary of terms relating to sensory analysis. † McConnachie, S. and Alexander, G, J. (2004) ‘The effect of temperature on digestive and assimilation efficiency, gut passage time and appetite in an Ambush foragin lizard, Cordylus Melantus Melanotus’. J Comp Physiol 174(34), 99-105 McElrea, H. and Standing, F. (1992) ‘Fast music causes fast drinking’. Perceptual and Motor Skills 75(13), 362 Natnette, S. and John, M. (2004) ‘Effect of ambience on food intake and food choice’. Nutrition 20(4), 821-838 Natnette, S. and John, M. (2006) ‘Listening to music while eating is relating to increases in people’s food intake and meal duration’. Appetite 47(21), 285-289 Pegler, Martin, M. (1991) Food Presentation and Display. New York: Retail Reporting Corporation Petit, C, E, F. (2006) Multimodal Flavour Perception: Influence of Colour and Chemesthesis. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press Roballey, C. (1985) ‘The effect of music on eating behavior’. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23 (3), 221-223 Singh, S. (2006) ‘Impact of color on marketing’. Management Decision 44 (6), 783 -789 Wansink, D. and Tinbergan, J, M. (1994) ‘The influence of temperature on diet in Great Tit’. Journal of Avian Biology 25(4), 261-267 Margriet, S. (1999) ‘Effects of extreme environments on food intake in human subjects’. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58(04), 791-798.

JAPANESE AND GERMAN WARFARE :: essays research papers

JAPANESE AND GERMAN WARFARE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Germans and Japanese were working on taking over the World in the Second World War and had it not been for the intervention of the allied nations, they very well could have picked off the nations one-by-one until a worldwide settlement was established. The Americans would not have entered the war if Germany would have stayed within it’s own compounds. The Nazi party possibly could have survived, although the German citizens would have eventually tired of Hitler’s ideas. The problem was the extermination of citizens and taking over of other national territory. The Japanese could have possibly had a few properties in the Pacific without the United States’ intervention had they not bombed Pearl Harbor. The problem with both of these countries was that they were practicing a total takeover of the world, which has lead to post-World War II doctrine that no nation will force the takeover of another nation. Prior to the 1900s, the rest of the wor ld probably would not have taken a second look at the Iraqi takeover of Kuwait, but it is seen now that this policy will lead to further actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Germans sought to gain back some recognition that was lost in the First World War, and the Nazi party promised that status. Many good things have come out of Germany, like the satellite technology that spawned the Corona Projects and eventually moved the United States ahead in the â€Å"Space Race†. But the Total Warfare policy is what forced the allied intervention and also the reason why the United Nations moves to oversee and limit warfare today. The method of the total extinction of all opposition can not be tolerated, and although Clausewitz taught us this method of war, it must be limited because if practiced to the end, there will be no opposition for a political agreement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Imperial Japanese were a country behind the times. The allied global forces that are now in control will not allow for another â€Å"Alexander the Great† or â€Å"Julius Ceaser†. The world now has grown into one organization, well almost one. The frontiers of the mankind are no longer the sea, the other side of his known land, or even the skies for that matter; and most of the world, at least most of the free-trade world, finds it of great economic value to avoid war.

Lady Macbeth’s language in Act 5 Scene1 and Act 5 Scene 1 Essay

Ambitious, enthusiastic and assertive are merely few of the words that describe Lady Macbeth, a woman so controlling she convince her husband to murder the king. She carefully plans it out, but her obsession leads to nightmares, and further on a brutal suicide. The Act 1 scene 5 opens with Lady Macbeth, reading out a letter sent to her from her husband, regarding the encounter he had with the three witches and what they had said about the prophecies, and that he would become king. She then begins her first soliloquy, this doesn’t just echo the witches prediction but also suggests how certain she is that the prophecies will come true ‘Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be/ what thou art promised.'(Lines 14-15) She shows signs of her exceptional language from the start, and she speaks in blank verse, she emphasizes her confidence and sense of purpose in carrying out the murder by using iambic pentameters ‘That I may pour my spirits in thine ear’ (line 25) she starts to build up her control and self-confidence, becoming so powerful she is more ambitious than her husband, the warrior of a great a army, but this is mainly because he is to soft-hearted, she uses the breast-feeding metaphor to describe this ‘too full of the milk of human kindness,'(line 16) This in contrast to her wish that she be the man that Macbeth isn’t, so that she could be in complete control, as the man is the one who is mainly in control, ‘unsex me here,’.(line 40) To emphasize her control of language and thought she uses balanced phrases between the lines ‘May read strange matters to beguile.'(Line 26) She is also easily able to change her state of mind that is extremely compatible depending on the situation she is in. Her double sided nature can switch easily can switch easily, obviously this can be seen by the audience but isn’t visible to the other characters. When the messenger enters the room, Lady Macbeth is still speaking of her plans on murdering King Duncan, and to avoid him understanding what she is saying she uses coded language and speaks in riddles, this also for fear that she is overheard and someone realizes what she is conjuring up for the future, ‘to catch the nearest way,'(line 17) While the messenger remains in the room the change in her character and her language is yet again visible, she stops using ostentatious and sophisticated words, and instead returns to her ordinary self . Another incident which took place while the messenger was in the room, was when she got angry, this was mainly because she feared that she wouldn’t have enough time to prepare and fully plan out the rest of the murder ‘Thou art mad to say it’ (line 31) Once again proving her ability to switch focus especially at the right time, ‘what is your tidings?'(Line 29) This also suggests how she is over powering the messenger and proving how authoritative she is. Her prevailing nature becomes so controlling that even tries dominating the evil spirits as she calls out for them ‘come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts!'(Lines 39-40) And to dominating Macbeth she uses persuasive flattery ‘Great Glamis! Worthy Cawdor!'(Line 53) And to demonstrate the control she has, not only over her husband but also over the entire situation, she uses imperatives, ‘look like the innocent flower’ (line 64) she has become her own woman and fully responsible over her every action, no longer does she need anyone to control her, on the contrary, she will control them, and she has already done so over her husband. She can also vary the tone and pace of her language, the dark side that slowly started devouring her after she called for the evil spirits soon takes effect on Lady Macbeth, she uses fricatives to expose this, they are all words that begin with the hard C sound, and this is how she establishes her second soliloquy. She uses the fricatives mainly so that it would sound as if the raven himself was speaking, Creaks, Come, Crown, Cruelty, etc†¦. Her role in the murder becomes so much more superior to that of her husband. Throughout the scene she enlightens us with her dominance and solid control, this is mainly conveyed through the way she speaks so much more than Macbeth, and he is hardly given a chance to speak, but this also shows how she is scheming the murder ‘and you shall put/ This night’s great business into my dispatch’ (line 67) Her highly elaborated and sophisticated language though out the scene is ended with a rhyming couplet, this emphasizes on the great reward which will soon belong to them. For them to become King and Queen ‘which shall to all our nights and days to come, Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom’ (lines 68-69) Over all though out Act 1 scene 5 she shows great infatuation onto carrying out the massacre, the words that she applies into her language are imposing and dignified, to achieve utmost control, which was the basis for her success over persuading Macbeth into committing the murder. The built up to Act 5 Scene 1 is tense and the pressure starts to mount as Macbeth begins to face truth of what is going to happen, but he faces reality through fatality, and after contemplating what he must do, he tells his wife that he will not carry out the murder ‘we will proceed no further in this business’ but to his displeasure, he is once again persuaded to perform the murder execution. The witches also tell Banquo of the fortune he is to achieve, and that his offspring are to become kings. He murdered Duncan in order to make the witches prophecy to come true, but now he plots to murder Banquo and Fleance so that witches promise to Banquo will not come true. Lady Macbeth suffers from a guilty conscience, despite being the main instigator of the murder. The scene begins with her walking in her sleep, and dreams that she and her husband are murdering King Duncan. The difference in her language, from Act 1 Scene 5 can be recognized instantly, you can tell this as she speaks in prose ‘Yet here’s a spot.'(Line 31) The sophisticated vocabulary and grammar are no longer a custom of Lady Macbeth, it is replaced by language which is almost of a childlike simplicity ‘one, two, why, then it’s time to do it’ (line 34) This scene mainly conveys the manifestation of her guilt and how badly she feels about bringing the plan of the murder to this extent. This pushes her limits and certain actions question her sanity, she once again speaks in a child like manner ‘The Thane of Fife had a wife'(line 41). Previously, she was in total control, but now the burden has become too much, she has become a broken woman, this mainly due to the fact that she had to play the role of the man, this can be proved as on several occasions she has had to play this role, for example, when she had to disguise the visions Macbeth was seeing after the death of Banquo. The disturbances in her mind have made her think without order ‘hell is murky! Fie my Lord fie!'(Line 35) and remembrance of the past as she contemplates on what had happened ‘here’s the smell of blood still’ (line 48). As Macbeth and Duncan are two characters who have been the main subjects of Lady Macbeth’s mind, she relieves past conversations that took place (Macbeth talking to King Duncan), ‘To bed, to bed: there’s knocking at the gate’ (line 63). One of the things that she mentioned in her sleep was concerning the ghost of Banquo ‘I tell you again, Banquo’s buried, he cannot come out on’s grave’ (lines 60-61), this was the subject of a past conversation with her husband. The manifestation of her guilt soon becomes an obsession, still in her sleep and unaware of what she is saying and totally senseless. She is still able to speak about reality and what has been going on, she is also able to release her true emotions and express how blameworthy she feels ‘would these hands never be clean?'(Line 42) As Lady Macbeth is in a deranged state of mind, the excuse that she was asleep is valid enough to cover up and hide what she had said throughout the entire period that she was sleep walking ‘To bed, to bed, to bed’ (line 65). Lady Macbeth’s great ability to switch focus, use of impressive words, her controlling and convincing taunts and her authoritative state of mind, somehow fall to pieces, she turns into a broken woman. The tale of Lady Macbeth unfortunately ends tragically, her plans turn to dust, and her life ends in a brutal suicide. As for her husband Macbeth, despite becoming King his rein didn’t last, and he was killed during a battle and Malcolm became king.

Parenting Intervention Positive Parenting Programme (Triple P) Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Practical Application 1. Spending quality time with Jamie Christine should spend frequent brief moments with Jamie especially in the activities that he is interested. She can bring him some DVDs that are less violent and then they can sit and watch together. This way she will have him under control. Psycholigically, learning depends mostly on experience and usually leads to long term adjustments in behaviour potential. Thus applying this method to Jamie will make him learn proper behaviour as time goes and in the long run he will change for better. 2. Having direct discussions with Jamie Christine should endeavour to have regular direct conversations with Jamie. She should look for interesting stories that Jamie is interested in and talk to him about them. She should always identify and rehearse the activities that make Jamie happy and make sure she bonds with him. This strategy will also slowly but surely change Jamie with time. It will become an experience in itself and will impact positively on him. 3. Planned ignoring As a mother, Christine should intentionally ignore problem behaviour instead of reacting or giving negative attention to what Jamie does. We will write a custom essay sample on Parenting Intervention: Positive Parenting Programme (Triple P) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This could be in form of pretending not to notice when Jamie begins to kick around. This strategy will make Jamie get bored since no one is interested in his activities. Kids like attention and if you ignore their activities, they are bound to stop whatever it is they are doing. Planned ignoring will make Jamie shift from the problem behaviour to the desired behaviour since no one will appreciate or notice him when he does something wrong. With time he will change for better. 4. Christine should also make use of descriptive praise to Jamie Christine should constantly praise Jamie when he does something good. For example if he does his homework on time she can use a good descriptive term like that was â€Å"Wholesome! Excellent! †Or that was, † very good of you Jamie! Keep it up! †Such praise is wonderful and music to children’s ears and Jamie is no exception. Again going back to the learning theory Jamie will from experience learn that good behaviour makes mum appreciate and cheer him, and since he craves attention, this will make him want to act good most of the time so mum can see and thus commend him. This will sink into his head and he will get used to it with time. 5. Giving clear, calm instructions-Christine should make it a habit to give a clear instruction to begin a new task to Jamie or else to stop problem behaviour and start the appropriate alternative behaviour.